FREE EBOOK Ö EPUB Zur Soziologie des Parteiwesens in der modernen Demokratie Untersuchungen über die oligarchischen Tendenzen des Gruppenlebens ä 9781330369814

KINDLE Zur Soziologie des Parteiwesens in der modernen Demokratie Untersuchungen über die oligarchischen Tendenzen des Gruppenlebens

FREE EBOOK Ö EPUB Zur Soziologie des Parteiwesens in der modernen Demokratie Untersuchungen über die oligarchischen Tendenzen des Gruppenlebens ä 9781330369814 Ë ➥ [Epub] ➟ Zur Soziologie des ParExcerpt from Political Parties A Sociological Study des Parteiwesens Kindle #215 of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern DemocracyThe task has been by no means easy So great was the extent of the material which had Zur Soziologie PDFEPUB or to be discussed that the difficulties of concise presentation might well seem almost insuperable The author has had to renounce the attempt to deal with the problem in all its extension and Soziologie des This is now probably one of my favorite books of political theory It contains some excellent insights into the oligarchical nature of democracies and of human organization in general from a psychological and sociological point of view The author Robert Michels was a member of the Social Democratic Party in Germany and later the Italian Syndicalists until he left both in 1907 This book was published in 1911 Later in life in 1924 Michels joined the fascist party in ItalyThe book sets out to discover why it seems that even the most professedly egalitarian and democratic of organizations socialist and revolutionary groups in 19th early 20th century Europe who considered themselves the heirs of the French Revolution's liberté egalité fraternité all seemed to devolve into oligarchical organizations where the party leaders put their own interests ahead of the general will; this was without exception across EuropeHe says At the outset revolutionary leaders arise spontaneously; their functions are accessory and gratuitous Soon however they become professional leaders and in the second stage of development they are stable and irremovableThe book is famous for its proposition of the 'iron law of oligarchy' which in the author's words states Reduced to its most concise expression the fundamental sociological law of political parties may be formulated in the following terms Who says organization says oligarchyHe concludes that oligarchies arise out of organic necessity in human organization and that democracy eventually necessitates aristocracy Ideally he says the ideal government would be an aristocracy that is morally good and technically efficient; however based upon the study of history one realizes that this is never possible in the long run and rarely possible in the short run Therefore Michels believes that democracy is the lesser of two evils between itself and outright aristocracy because in democracy at least the public can occasionally exert its will and convince the aristocracy to act in the interest of the masses It would be interesting to see how Michels' thought developed over the next 13 years of his life at which point he joined the fascist party Unfortunately his other books are difficult to acuire even in Italian and French the languages which he originally wrote in